CSS Combinators

CSS Tutorial


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CSS Advanced


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CSS Responsive

CSS Grid

CSS Combinators

A combinator defines the relationship between the selectors.

A CSS selector consists of more than one simple selector. Between the simple selectors, a combinator can be included.

There are four different combinators in CSS:

  • descendant selector (space).
  • child selector (>).
  • adjacent sibling selector (+).
  • general sibling selector (~).

Descendant Selector

The descendant selector matches all elements which belong to specific descendants of an element.

HTML
				
					<h2>Descendant Selector</h2>
<p>The descendant selector matches all elements that are descendants of a specified element.</p>
<div>
  <p>Paragraph 1</p>
  <p>Paragraph 2</p>
  <section><p>Paragraph 3</p></section>
</div>
<p>Paragraph 4. Not in a div.</p>
<p>Paragraph 5. Not in a div.</p>
				
			
CSS
				
					div p {
  background-color: pink;
}
				
			

Output

descendant selector

Child Selector (>)

The child selector selects all elements that belong to the specific children of an element.

The example selects all <p> elements that are children of a <div> element:

HTML
				
					<h2>Child Selector</h2>
<p>The child selector (>) selects all elements that are the children of a specified element.</p>
<div>
  <p>Paragraph 1</p>
  <p>Paragraph 2</p>
  <section>
    <!-- not Child but Descendant -->
    <p>Paragraph 3(inside a section element).</p>
  </section>
  <p>Paragraph 4</p>
</div>
<p>Paragraph 5. Not in a div.</p>
<p>Paragraph 6. Not in a div.</p>
				
			
CSS
				
					div > p {
  background-color: pink;
}
				
			

Output

Adjacent Sibling Selector (+)

The adjacent sibling selector select an element that is directly after another specific element.

Sibling elements should belong to the same parent element, and “adjacent” refers to “immediately following”

The example selects the first <p> element, placed immediately after <div> elements:

HTML
				
					<h2>Adjacent Sibling Selector</h2>
<p>The + selector is used to select an element that is directly after another specific element.</p>
<p>The following example selects the first p element that are placed immediately after div elements:</p>
<div>
  <p>Paragraph 1</p>
  <p>Paragraph 2</p>
</div>
<p>Paragraph 3. After a div.</p>
<p>Paragraph 4. After a div.</p>
<div>
  <p>Paragraph 5</p>
  <p>Paragraph 6</p>
</div>
<p>Paragraph 7. After a div.</p>
<p>Paragraph 8. After a div.</p>
				
			
CSS
				
					div + p {
  background-color: pink;
}
				
			

Output

adjacent div

General Sibling Selector (~)

The general sibling selector selects all elements that are next siblings belonging to the specific element.

The example selects all

elements that are next siblings of

elements:

HTML
				
					<h2>General Sibling Selector</h2>
<p>The general sibling selector (~) selects all elements that are next siblings of a specified element.</p>
<p>Paragraph 1.</p>
<div>
  <p>Paragraph 2.</p>
</div>
<p>Paragraph 3.</p>
<code>Some code.</code>
<p>Paragraph 4.</p>
				
			
CSS
				
					div ~ p {
  background-color: pink;
}
				
			

Output

genral sibling selector